1) This molecule is recycled within cells in protein structures called exosomes. Nonsense-mediated decay fixes transcription errors in this molecule. (*). Codons are three-nucleotide components of this molecule, which, for ten points, is a single-strand copy of a DNA sequence used to synthesize proteins.

Answer: mRNA (or messenger RNA)

2) The Punch-up in Piestany, took place during the World Hockey Juniors staged in this country in 1987. In 1968, Operation Danube was launched against this country by the Warsaw Pact. (*) Vaclav Havel was this country's last president which, for ten points, split in 1993 in the Velvet Divorce into two countries.

Answer: Czechoslovakia

3) The Khmer Empire used these weapons mounted on elephants as mobile field artillery. This weapon was depicted as being mounted in a nest on Trajan's Column. (*) Smaller versions of this weapon were known as scorpions. For ten points, name this ancient torsion siege weapon firing bolts.

Answer: Ballista

4) This monument was the subject of a 12th century poem by Khaqani. During the Middle Ages, this monument was salvaged for construction material. (*) In 1888, a severe flood demolished this building's northern wing. For ten points, name this Persian brick vault which marks the site of the Sassanid capital.

Answer: Taq Kasra

5) This play's titular characters made two gentlemen unhappy, and pose their valets as noblemen. They reject their suitors based on their poor manners. (*) The titular characters are scorned at the end of the play for having fallen for the valets' trickery. For ten points, name this play satirizing preciousness.

Answer: Les Précieuses Ridicules

6) Richard Hofstadter argues that this concept is a social class response against political elites. Manufactured consent has been used to spread this concept. (*) This concept is an essential feature of Christian fundamentalism' religious culture, which leads, for ten points, to hostility towards science and intellectualism.

Answer: Anti-intellectualism

7) During the Napoleonic Wars, this city housed the government-in-exile of Portugal. Under Operation Lava Jato, the headquarters of Petrobras were raided in this city. A bossa nova song (*), Garota de Ipanema, is named after a neighborhood of this city. The Christ the Redeemer statue is on a hill overlooking this city. For ten points, name this Brazilian city best known for its carnival.

Answer: Rio de Janeiro

8) Preliminary discussions on this treaty's issues were held between Hoover and Macdonald at Rapidan Camp in 1929. The ratification of this treaty by Japan led to the assassination of Prime Minister Inukai in the May Fifteenth Incident. Its terms included the application of (*) international law to submarine warfare. This treaty made a distinction between light and heavy cruisers based on gun caliber. For ten points, name the treaty ratified as a second attempt to limit the naval arms race after WWI.

Answer: Naval Treaty of London (prompt on Treaty of London)

9) The Fejér Theorem states this series converges uniformly towards the function it represents. It was discovered in an attempt to find solutions to the heat equation. (*) The Fourier transform is the equivalent of this series for non-periodic functions. This series, for ten points, is the decomposition of a periodic function into its normal modes.

Answer: Fourier series

10) In Egyptian mythology, entering this mythical location requires crossing as many as twenty-one gates. Souls ineligible for this location were doomed to restlessness in the Duat after being devoured by Ammit. (*) Eligibility to this location was determined by weighing the heart against an ostrich feather. For ten points, name the location of heaven in Egyptian mythology.

Answer: Field of Reeds (accept Aaru)

11) At the end of this battle, Napoleon refused to commit the Imperial Guard. General Bagration died of wounds as a result of defending redoubts bearing his name in this battle. (*) This battle was the single bloodiest day of Napoleon's Russian campaign. For ten points, name the battle that allowed the French Grande Armée to capture Moscow.

Answer: Borodino (accept Moskova)

12) Ziegler-Natta catalysts allow this process to occur with considerable control over molecular branching. This process, when insufficiently moderated and occurs at a fast rate, causes auto-acceleration. (*) The main classes of reaction mechanisms for this process are step-chain and chain-growth. For ten points, name this process of building larger molecules from monomers.

Answer: Polymerization

13) In this novel, the Trakfamadorians abduct a movie actress and place her in the same geodesic dome as its protagonist. While this novel's protagonist is hospitalized with PTSD symptoms, Eliot Rosewater introduces him to Kilgore Trout's work. (*) This novel's protagonist believes that an alien species from Tralfamadore kidnapped him and kept him captive in a zoo. For ten points, name this novel whose protagonist becomes unstuck in time.

Answer: Slaughterhouse-Five

14) Helen Lewis identifies a long tradition of defining women in opposition to one another as the architecture of this tendency. Saini argued instead that this tendency emerged at the same time as organized governance. (*) In the video game industry, the Gamergate movement was a movement leaning towards this tendency, which, for ten points, is prejudice or contempt against females.

Answer: Misogyny

15) Some competition scenes of this film were shot in an empty stadium to shoot from angles impossible to take in competitions. This film introduced filmmaking techniques that are used in sports journalism to this day. (*) This film was released in two parts: Festival of Nations and Festival of Beauty. For ten points, name this German movie about the 1936 Summer Olympics.

Answer: Olympia (accept Gods of the Stadium or Les Dieux du Stade)

16) Under Sennacherib, this city was considerably enlarged with the construction of the "Palace without a rival". It was theorized that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually located in this ancient city. (*) In the Book of Jonah, Jonah causes the residents of this city to repent, which, for ten points, was the capital of the Assyrian Empire.

Answer: Nineveh

17) Mechanisms of these medical conditions include elevated levels of neuropeptide Y in the blood. Diagnosis tools for these medical conditions include the SCOFF questionnaire. (*) Social media and the fashion industry have both been blamed for the increase in prevalence of this class of medical conditions, which include, for ten points, anorexia and bulimia nervosa.

Answer: Eating disorders

18) The southern part of Livonia occupied the northern part of this country. The Singing Revolution led to the restoration of its independence by 1991. The Kurzeme Peninsula occupies the northwestern part of this country's region of Courland. (*) The mouth of this country's Daugava River is in, for ten points, a gulf named after its capital, Riga.

Answer: Latvia

19) Sweden's loss of Ingria in the early stages of this war led to the relocation of the Russian capital. Russian victory at the Battle of Gangut paved the way for its occupation of Finland. (*) The loss of the battle of Poltava by Sweden in this war started, for ten points, Sweden's downfall as a major power.

Answer: Great Northern War

20) This Austrian painter depicted a garden full of flowers including sunflowers in one of his fifty prints of Das Werk. One of his paintings on a university ceiling conveyed an ambiguous unity of life and death. Art historians believe that his use of the (*) Nuda Veritas was made to denounce Austrian society's failings of his time. He was one of the leading figures of the Vienna Secession. For ten points, name this Austrian painter who made extensive use of gold leaf in The Kiss.

Answer: (Gustav) Klimt (the first two clues referred to Farm Garden with Sunflowers and Medicine respectively)